Cloister

A cloister, or Kreuzgang in German, is an architectural feature commonly found in Christian monasteries, convents, and cathedrals. It is a covered walkway, typically square or rectangular, enclosing an open courtyard, known as the cloister garth. This arrangement creates a peaceful and contemplative space often used for meditation, reading, and walking.

Historical Background

The earliest cloisters can be traced back to the Roman peristyle, an open courtyard surrounded by a covered colonnade. The concept was adopted by early Christian and later medieval architects and incorporated into monastic designs. The cloister became an essential part of monastic life in the Middle Ages, providing a place for quiet reflection and work away from the outside world.

Architectural Features

Cloisters are typically located on the south side of the church to maximize sunlight. They consist of a series of arcades or colonnades that provide a covered walkway around the four sides of the enclosed courtyard. The courtyard is often beautifully landscaped, sometimes featuring a fountain or well in the center.

The architectural style of cloisters varies greatly, depending on the period and region in which they were built. Early cloisters were fairly simple, but later examples, particularly those built during the Romanesque and Gothic periods, feature elaborate stonework, including carved capitals, arches, and decorative details.

Notable Examples

There are many notable cloisters around the world. Some examples include:

1. The Cloisters of Saint-Trophime in Arles, France: This Romanesque cloister features intricately carved capitals depicting scenes from the Old and New Testaments.
2. The Cloister of Monreale Cathedral in Monreale, Italy: Considered one of the most beautiful cloisters in Italy, it is known for its richly decorated columns and mosaic-covered walls.
3. The Cloisters at the Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay in France: This is an excellent example of Cistercian architecture, with its simple and austere design.
4. The Cloisters Museum in New York City: This branch of the Metropolitan Museum of Art houses a collection of medieval art and architecture, including elements of five French cloisters that were disassembled and reassembled in the museum.

In conclusion, the cloister, or Kreuzgang, is a fundamental element of monastic architecture, serving both practical and spiritual purposes. Despite variations in style and complexity, cloisters universally provide a peaceful, contemplative space that is integral to the rhythm of monastic life.